English to Romanian Medical Medical (general) auto-immune diseases

Identification of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is the best screening test. However, a positive result is not specific for
lupus. For example, low titers are found in normal individuals, other autoimmune diseases, acute viral infections, and chronic inflammatory processes. Several drugs can also cause a positive reaction. Antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and to Smith (Sm) antigens are relatively specific for lupus, whereas other antibodies are not (see Table 59-1). Although hundreds of autoantibodies have been described in SLE, only a few have been shown to participate in tissue injury (Sherer, 2004; Tsokos, 2011). ***Microarray profiles*** are being developed for customized and more accurate SLE diagnoses (Lin, 2013; Yeste, 2013).